RINGKASAN
Bolehkah seseorang dipaksa percaya, atau dihukum karena mengubah keyakinannya?
Iman tidak dapat diciptakan melalui ancaman. Para hamba Kristus menyebut dosa dan kesalahan dengan benar serta bersaksi dengan sabar, sambil mengharapkan Allah mengaruniakan pertobatan dan keselamatan. Hukuman klasik bagi kemurtadan bertumpu pada hadis dan tradisi hukum; para sarjana Muslim modern mempertanyakan dasar atau penerapannya. Pemaksaan oleh orang Kristen juga terhukum oleh perkataan dan teladan Yesus. Gerejanya harus memberitakan Sang Juru Selamat dan mengasihi sesama yang imannya tidak dapat dihasilkannya dengan kekerasan.
Jonathan A. C. Brown · Persoalan Kemurtadan dalam Islam (Yaqeen Institute) Matius 26:51-52 2 Timotius 2:14–26
Pilih nomor ayat, ikon buku, atau kata bergaris bawah untuk membaca lebih lanjut di sini.
Tidak ada paksaan, dan ada hukuman mati.
Ancaman dapat memaksa seseorang mengucapkan pengakuan agama. Ancaman tidak dapat menciptakan kepercayaan kepada Allah. Orang yang menjadi yakin bahwa Yesus adalah Tuhan seharusnya dapat mengikuti keyakinan itu tanpa dijatuhi hukuman mati oleh manusia. Kebebasan yang sama juga menjadi hak seorang Muslim yang menolak undangan Kristen. Inilah pertanyaan di balik kebebasan beragama: bolehkah seseorang mengikuti apa yang diyakininya benar?
Al-Qur’an menyatakan bahwa agama tidak boleh dipaksakan. Dalam , Muhammad ditanya apakah ia hendak memaksa orang-orang untuk beriman, dan berbicara tentang pilihan untuk beriman atau tidak beriman. Ayat-ayat ini sungguh menjadi dasar bagi kaum Muslim yang membela kebebasan hati nurani; kritik Kristen tidak boleh mengabaikannya. Ayat juga memperingatkan tentang penghakiman Allah; kebebasan untuk percaya tidak berarti bahwa setiap keyakinan benar atau tidak membawa akibat.
Al-Qur’an juga berbicara keras tentang orang yang meninggalkan iman. Murka Allah menimpa orang yang tidak beriman sesudah beriman dan melapangkan dadanya untuk kekafiran, tetapi tidak menimpa orang yang dipaksa menyangkal iman sementara hatinya tetap tenteram dalam iman itu (). Amal orang yang berbalik dan mati dalam keadaan tidak beriman menjadi sia-sia di dunia ini dan di akhirat (). Bagian-bagian ini memperingatkan tentang penghakiman Allah. Tidak satu pun memerintahkan manusia untuk melaksanakan hukuman.
melangkah lebih jauh. Ikrimah meriwayatkan bahwa ketika Ali membakar sekelompok orang yang dianggap sesat, Ibnu Abbas berkata bahwa ia tidak akan membakar mereka, karena Nabi melarang menghukum dengan hukuman api milik Allah. Namun, ia akan membunuh mereka, karena Nabi berkata, “” (). Ibnu Mas’ud meriwayatkan sabda Nabi bahwa darah seorang Muslim hanya boleh ditumpahkan dalam tiga perkara, salah satunya orang yang meninggalkan agamanya dan memisahkan diri dari komunitas.
Sahih al-Bukhari 6922 · “Barang siapa mengganti agamanya” Sahih al-Bukhari 6878 · tiga perkara Sahih Muslim 1676 · tiga perkara
Hukum Islam klasik memang menetapkan hukuman mati bagi kemurtadan, dengan syarat-syarat hukum dan pelaksanaan yang menjadi wewenang penguasa. Uraian Jonathan Brown tentang mazhab-mazhab klasik menjelaskannya. Mereka berbeda dalam beberapa perkara: mazhab Hanafi menetapkan penjara bagi perempuan yang meninggalkan Islam, bukan hukuman mati. Ketentuan itu menyangkut meninggalkan Islam; ketentuan itu tidak menetapkan hukuman mati hanya karena orang Yahudi atau Kristen tetap memeluk agamanya di bawah pemerintahan Muslim.
Jonathan A. C. Brown · Persoalan Kemurtadan dalam Islam (Yaqeen Institute) Peters & De Vries · Kemurtadan dalam Islam (Die Welt des Islams, 1976-77)
Hukum klasik dan para pengkritiknya pada masa kini.
Para ahli hukum klasik tidak menafsirkan “tidak ada paksaan dalam agama” sebagai perlindungan bagi orang yang meninggalkan Islam. Sebagian berpendapat bahwa ayat itu telah dinasakh; yang lain membatasinya pada orang Yahudi, Kristen, dan kelompok lain yang hidup di bawah pemerintahan Muslim dan tidak boleh dipaksa berpindah agama.
Peters & De Vries · Kemurtadan dalam Islam (Die Welt des Islams, 1976-77)
Para sarjana Muslim modern telah menentang hukuman itu. Taha Jabir al-Alwani berpendapat bahwa Al-Qur’an dan tidak menetapkan hukuman mati hanya karena meninggalkan iman tanpa melakukan kejahatan lain. Abdullah Saeed menentang penerapan hukuman tradisional itu pada masa kini. Jonathan Brown menjelaskan kemurtadan pada masa awal sebagai pemisahan politik dan berpendapat bahwa pemerintahan Muslim dapat mengesampingkan hukumannya. Usulan-usulan ini berbeda, tetapi semuanya menentang penerapan langsung hukuman mati klasik.
Jonathan A. C. Brown · Persoalan Kemurtadan dalam Islam (Yaqeen Institute) Taha Jabir al-Alwani · Kemurtadan dalam Islam · edisi ringkas Abdullah Saeed & Hassan Saeed · Kebebasan Beragama, Kemurtadan dan Islam (Routledge)
Perbedaan pendapat itu nyata dan ada di dalam komunitas Muslim sendiri. Pertanyaan bagi setiap pembaca adalah apa yang sebenarnya diajarkan sumber-sumber dasar masing-masing tradisi, dan apa akibatnya ketika seseorang, setelah berpikir dengan jujur, meyakini sesuatu yang baru.
Pengkhianatan, bukan keyakinan, dan kemunafikan Kristen?
Kaum Muslim juga menjawab orang Kristen secara langsung. Menurut mereka, ketentuan tentang kemurtadan merupakan hukum suatu komunitas yang menghadapi ancaman militer, seperti hukum pengkhianatan di negara mana pun. Para ahli hukum klasik mensyaratkan agar kesempatan bertobat ditawarkan dan menyerahkan pelaksanaan hukuman kepada penguasa. Sebagian juga berpendapat bahwa Nabi sendiri tidak pernah menghukum mati siapa pun hanya karena meninggalkan Islam. Mereka menambahkan bahwa orang Kristen tidak layak mengajukan keberatan: selama berabad-abad, para penguasa Kristen menghukum orang yang dianggap sesat dan murtad, dan pengadilan Kristen membakar orang karena keyakinannya.
Jonathan A. C. Brown · Persoalan Kemurtadan dalam Islam (Yaqeen Institute)
Pertobatan adalah karunia yang tidak dapat kita paksakan.
Paulus mengatakan agar hamba Tuhan ramah terhadap semua orang, cakap mengajar dan sabar, sambil berharap Allah mengaruniakan pertobatan dan pengetahuan akan kebenaran kepada mereka. Perhatian langsungnya adalah pertentangan di dalam gereja. Prinsip itu juga berlaku bagi kesaksian Kristen di tengah tetangga kita: berbicara dengan penuh kasih karunia, mengajar dengan sabar, dan berdoa bagi orang yang tidak sependapat. Allah mengubah hati; orang percaya tidak diberi tugas menghancurkan perlawanan dengan kekerasan.
Paulus mendorong doa bagi semua orang karena Allah menghendaki semua orang diselamatkan dan mengenal kebenaran. Ia juga bersukacita ketika tegurannya kepada orang Korintus menghasilkan pertobatan, bukan sekadar meninggalkan mereka dalam kesedihan. Kesabaran Kristen mengupayakan keselamatan itu. Kesabaran dapat menyebut dosa dan kesalahan dengan jelas sambil berdoa agar Allah mengubah hati. Orang yang tidak sependapat tetaplah sesama yang harus dikasihi; ketidakpercayaannya tidak memberi kita hak untuk mengambil nyawanya. Kita memberitakan Kristus secara terbuka karena kebenaran itu penting dan karena pertobatan adalah karunia Allah.
2 Timotius 2:14–26 1 Timotius 2:1–4 2 Korintus 7:9–10: dukacita menurut kehendak Allah dan pertobatan (KJV, bahasa Inggris)
Mengapa orang Kristen membela hati nurani setiap orang.
Setiap manusia diciptakan menurut gambar Allah. Tidak ada komunitas atau negara yang memiliki jiwa seseorang. Roma menempatkan pengakuan bahwa Yesus adalah Tuhan berdampingan dengan kepercayaan dalam hati bahwa Allah membangkitkannya dari antara orang mati. Ancaman dapat memaksa pengakuan itu tanpa menciptakan kepercayaan yang diungkapkannya. Alasan Kristen membela kebebasan hati nurani berawal dari perbedaan itu.
Paulus menolak tipu daya dan pemelintiran firman Allah, serta menyatakan kebenaran secara terbuka kepada hati nurani setiap orang di hadapan Allah. Ia menggambarkan pertobatan sebagai Allah menyinarkan terang ke dalam hati agar kita melihat kemuliaannya dalam Yesus Kristus. Kesaksian Kristen bersinar dalam kegelapan dengan memberitakan Kristus; kesaksian itu tidak dapat menghasilkan terang tersebut melalui ancaman. Senjata yang diberikan Paulus kepada gereja bukanlah senjata kedagingan. Pemberitaan yang benar, doa, dan pengajaran yang sabar berjalan bersama.
Yesus mengatakan dengan jujur bahwa mengikutinya dapat mengorbankan keluarga dan keselamatan diri (Lukas ; Matius ), dan ia memerintahkan para pengikutnya mengasihi musuh serta mendoakan orang yang menganiaya mereka (Matius ). Karena itu, orang Kristen harus membela kebebasan seorang Muslim untuk tetap Muslim sama teguhnya dengan kebebasan mengikuti Yesus. Namun, kebebasan memilih tidak membuat kebenaran menjadi tidak penting. Carilah kebenaran dengan sungguh-sungguh: bacalah kitab-kitab Injil, dengarkan perkataan Kristus, dan mintalah pertobatan serta iman kepada Allah. Mengikutinya dapat membawa kehilangan; Allah memperbarui umatnya secara batiniah dan menjanjikan kemuliaan kekal. Kesabaran kami terhadap Anda berasal dari pengharapan agar Anda menemukan hidup di dalam dia.
Lukas 14:25-33 Matius 10:16-23 Matius 5:44 2 Timotius 2:14–26 2 Korintus 4:16–18: pembaruan batiniah dan kemuliaan kekal (KJV, bahasa Inggris)
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Daftar sumber lengkap(34)
M. Pickthall · English translation
Qur’an 2:256
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
256There is no compulsion in religion. The right direction is henceforth distinct from error. And he who rejecteth false deities and believeth in Allah hath grasped a firm handhold which will never break. Allah is Hearer, Knower.
M. Pickthall · English translation
Qur’an 10:99
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
99And if thy Lord willed, all who are in the earth would have believed together. Wouldst thou (Muhammad) compel men until they are believers?
M. Pickthall · English translation
Qur’an 18:29
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
29Say: (It is) the truth from the Lord of you (all). Then whosoever will, let him believe, and whosoever will, let him disbelieve. Lo! We have prepared for disbelievers Fire. Its tent encloseth them. If they ask for showers, they will be showered with water like to molten lead which burneth the faces. Calamitous the drink and ill the resting-place!
M. Pickthall · English translation
Qur’an 16:106
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
106Whoso disbelieveth in Allah after his belief - save him who is forced thereto and whose heart is still content with the Faith - but whoso findeth ease in disbelief: On them is wrath from Allah. Theirs will be an awful doom.
M. Pickthall · English translation
Qur’an 2:217
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
217They question thee (O Muhammad) with regard to warfare in the sacred month. Say: Warfare therein is a great (transgression), but to turn (men) from the way of Allah, and to disbelieve in Him and in the Inviolable Place of Worship, and to expel His people thence, is a greater with Allah; for persecution is worse than killing. And they will not cease from fighting against you till they have made you renegades from your religion, if they can. And whoso becometh a renegade and dieth in his disbelief: such are they whose works have fallen both in the world and the Hereafter. Such are rightful owners of the Fire: they will abide therein.
King James Version
Luke 9:51–56
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
51¶ And it came to pass, when the time was come that he should be received up, he stedfastly set his face to go to Jerusalem,
52And sent messengers before his face: and they went, and entered into a village of the Samaritans, to make ready for him.
53And they did not receive him, because his face was as though he would go to Jerusalem.
54And when his disciples James and John saw this, they said, Lord, wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven, and consume them, even as Elias did?
55But he turned, and rebuked them, and said, Ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of.
56For the Son of man is not come to destroy men’s lives, but to save them. And they went to another village.
King James Version
Matthew 26:51–52
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
51And, behold, one of them which were with Jesus stretched out his hand, and drew his sword, and struck a servant of the high priest’s, and smote off his ear.
52Then said Jesus unto him, Put up again thy sword into his place: for all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword.
King James Version
John 18:36
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
36Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence.
King James Version
John 6:66–69
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
66¶ From that time many of his disciples went back, and walked no more with him.
67Then said Jesus unto the twelve, Will ye also go away?
68Then Simon Peter answered him, Lord, to whom shall we go? thou hast the words of eternal life.
69And we believe and are sure that thou art that Christ, the Son of the living God.
King James Version
Genesis 1:27
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
27So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.
King James Version
Romans 10:9–10
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
9That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved.
10For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation.
King James Version
2 Corinthians 4:1–6
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
1Therefore seeing we have this ministry, as we have received mercy, we faint not;
2But have renounced the hidden things of dishonesty, not walking in craftiness, nor handling the word of God deceitfully; but by manifestation of the truth commending ourselves to every man’s conscience in the sight of God.
3But if our gospel be hid, it is hid to them that are lost:
4In whom the god of this world hath blinded the minds of them which believe not, lest the light of the glorious gospel of Christ, who is the image of God, should shine unto them.
5For we preach not ourselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord; and ourselves your servants for Jesus’ sake.
6For God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ.
King James Version
Luke 14:25–33
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
25¶ And there went great multitudes with him: and he turned, and said unto them,
26If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple.
27And whosoever doth not bear his cross, and come after me, cannot be my disciple.
28For which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not down first, and counteth the cost, whether he have sufficient to finish it?
29Lest haply, after he hath laid the foundation, and is not able to finish it, all that behold it begin to mock him,
30Saying, This man began to build, and was not able to finish.
31Or what king, going to make war against another king, sitteth not down first, and consulteth whether he be able with ten thousand to meet him that cometh against him with twenty thousand?
32Or else, while the other is yet a great way off, he sendeth an ambassage, and desireth conditions of peace.
King James Version
Matthew 10:16–23
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
16¶ Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves.
17But beware of men: for they will deliver you up to the councils, and they will scourge you in their synagogues;
18And ye shall be brought before governors and kings for my sake, for a testimony against them and the Gentiles.
19But when they deliver you up, take no thought how or what ye shall speak: for it shall be given you in that same hour what ye shall speak.
20For it is not ye that speak, but the Spirit of your Father which speaketh in you.
21And the brother shall deliver up the brother to death, and the father the child: and the children shall rise up against their parents, and cause them to be put to death.
22And ye shall be hated of all men for my name’s sake: but he that endureth to the end shall be saved.
23But when they persecute you in this city, flee ye into another: for verily I say unto you, Ye shall not have gone over the cities of Israel, till the Son of man be come.
King James Version
Matthew 5:44
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
44But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you;
King James Version
Deuteronomy 13:6–11
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
6¶ If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as thine own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers;
7Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth;
8Thou shalt not consent unto him, nor hearken unto him; neither shall thine eye pity him, neither shalt thou spare, neither shalt thou conceal him:
9But thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people.
10And thou shalt stone him with stones, that he die; because he hath sought to thrust thee away from the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.
11And all Israel shall hear, and fear, and shall do no more any such wickedness as this is among you.
King James Version
1 Corinthians 5:9–13
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
9I wrote unto you in an epistle not to company with fornicators:
10Yet not altogether with the fornicators of this world, or with the covetous, or extortioners, or with idolaters; for then must ye needs go out of the world.
11But now I have written unto you not to keep company, if any man that is called a brother be a fornicator, or covetous, or an idolater, or a railer, or a drunkard, or an extortioner; with such an one no not to eat.
12For what have I to do to judge them also that are without? do not ye judge them that are within?
13But them that are without God judgeth. Therefore put away from among yourselves that wicked person.
King James Version
Deuteronomy 17:2–7
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
2¶ If there be found among you, within any of thy gates which the LORD thy God giveth thee, man or woman, that hath wrought wickedness in the sight of the LORD thy God, in transgressing his covenant,
3And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either the sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded;
4And it be told thee, and thou hast heard of it, and enquired diligently, and, behold, it be true, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought in Israel:
5Then shalt thou bring forth that man or that woman, which have committed that wicked thing, unto thy gates, even that man or that woman, and shalt stone them with stones, till they die.
6At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put to death; but at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death.
7The hands of the witnesses shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterward the hands of all the people. So thou shalt put the evil away from among you.
King James Version
2 Timothy 2:14–26
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
14Of these things put them in remembrance, charging them before the Lord that they strive not about words to no profit, but to the subverting of the hearers.
15Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth.
16But shun profane and vain babblings: for they will increase unto more ungodliness.
17And their word will eat as doth a canker: of whom is Hymenaeus and Philetus;
18Who concerning the truth have erred, saying that the resurrection is past already; and overthrow the faith of some.
19Nevertheless the foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal, The Lord knoweth them that are his. And, Let every one that nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity.
20But in a great house there are not only vessels of gold and of silver, but also of wood and of earth; and some to honour, and some to dishonour.
21If a man therefore purge himself from these, he shall be a vessel unto honour, sanctified, and meet for the master’s use, and prepared unto every good work.
King James Version
1 Timothy 2:1–4
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
1I exhort therefore, that, first of all, supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of thanks, be made for all men;
2For kings, and for all that are in authority; that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty.
3For this is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Saviour;
4Who will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the knowledge of the truth.
King James Version
Colossians 4:5–6
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
5Walk in wisdom toward them that are without, redeeming the time.
6Let your speech be alway with grace, seasoned with salt, that ye may know how ye ought to answer every man.
King James Version
2 Corinthians 10:3–5
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
3For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war after the flesh:
4(For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds;)
5Casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ;
King James Version
2 Corinthians 7:9–10
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
9Now I rejoice, not that ye were made sorry, but that ye sorrowed to repentance: for ye were made sorry after a godly manner, that ye might receive damage by us in nothing.
10For godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation not to be repented of: but the sorrow of the world worketh death.
King James Version
2 Corinthians 4:16–18
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
16For which cause we faint not; but though our outward man perish, yet the inward man is renewed day by day.
17For our light affliction, which is but for a moment, worketh for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory;
18While we look not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen: for the things which are seen are temporal; but the things which are not seen are eternal.
King James Version
Matthew 26:52
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
52Then said Jesus unto him, Put up again thy sword into his place: for all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword.
King James Version
Romans 10:9
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
9That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved.
King James Version
Luke 14:26–33
Teks sumber ini berbahasa Inggris.
26If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple.
27And whosoever doth not bear his cross, and come after me, cannot be my disciple.
28For which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not down first, and counteth the cost, whether he have sufficient to finish it?
29Lest haply, after he hath laid the foundation, and is not able to finish it, all that behold it begin to mock him,
30Saying, This man began to build, and was not able to finish.
31Or what king, going to make war against another king, sitteth not down first, and consulteth whether he be able with ten thousand to meet him that cometh against him with twenty thousand?
32Or else, while the other is yet a great way off, he sendeth an ambassage, and desireth conditions of peace.
33So likewise, whosoever he be of you that forsaketh not all that he hath, he cannot be my disciple.
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Arti kata · Bahasa Arab
الحَدِيث
hadith (ḥadīth)
Laporan atau kisah. Dalam penggunaan Islam, riwayat yang diteruskan tentang apa yang Muhammad katakan atau lakukan.
Dalam konteks ini
Dipakai untuk riwayat yang dihimpun dalam koleksi seperti karya al-Bukhari dan Muslim. Pembahasan ini menempatkannya setelah Al-Qur’an sebagai sumber sekunder.
Arti kata · Bahasa Arab
مَنْ بَدَّلَ دِينَهُ فَاقْتُلُوهُ
man baddala dinahu fa-qtuluhu
Makna perintah Arab ini: siapa pun yang mengganti agamanya, bunuhlah dia. Baddala berarti mengubah sesuatu atau menempatkan satu hal sebagai pengganti yang lain.
Dalam konteks ini
Ibn Abbas meriwayatkan perkataan Muhammad ini dalam Bukhari 6922 untuk menjelaskan mengapa ia akan membunuh, bukan membakar, orang-orang yang dianggap sesat yang dihukum Ali.
Arti kata · Bahasa Arab
السُّنَّة
Sunnah (sunna)
Jalan atau kebiasaan. Dalam hukum Islam, praktik Nabi: apa yang ia perintahkan, larang dan anjurkan melalui perkataan dan tindakan.
Dalam konteks ini
Bersama Al-Qur’an, sumber kedua hukum Islam. Bab ini melaporkan pandangan al-Alwani bahwa keduanya tidak menetapkan hukuman mati semata-mata karena meninggalkan iman.
Arti kata · Bahasa Yunani
παιδεύοντα (παιδεύω)
paideuō
Melatih atau mendidik, seperti terhadap anak; dalam arti lebih luas, mengoreksi atau mendisiplinkan.
Dalam konteks ini
Dalam 2 Timotius 2:25, hamba Tuhan mengoreksi para penentang dengan lemah lembut (ἐν πραΰτητι), dengan harapan Allah mengaruniakan pertobatan kepada mereka.



















