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Faith and conscience

A threat can force conformity, but it cannot create faith. Jesus’ call and the Islamic debate over changing religion.

THE QUESTION BEFORE US

May anyone be forced to believe, or punished for changing what they believe?

Choose a verse number, book icon or underlined word to read more here.

01 What the texts say

No compulsion, and a death penalty.

A threat can force a religious profession. It cannot create trust in God. Someone who becomes convinced that Jesus is Lord should be able to follow that conviction without a human sentence of death. The same freedom belongs to a Muslim who rejects the Christian invitation. This is the question behind religious freedom: may a person follow what they believe is true?

Qur’an declares that religion is not to be compelled. In , Muhammad is asked whether he would force people to believe, and speaks of a choice to believe or disbelieve. These are real resources for Muslim defenders of freedom of conscience, not words a Christian critique should ignore. Verse also warns of God’s judgment; freedom to believe is not a claim that every belief is true or without consequences.

Qur'an 2:256 Qur'an 10:99 Qur'an 18:29

The Qur'an also speaks severely of those who abandon faith. God's wrath rests on whoever disbelieves after believing and finds ease in disbelief, though not on someone forced to deny the faith while his heart remains content with it (). The works of one who turns back and dies in disbelief come to nothing in this world and the next (). These passages warn of God's judgment. None of them tells people to carry out a punishment.

Qur'an 16:106 Qur'an 2:217

The go further. Ikrima reported that when Ali burned a group of heretics, Ibn Abbas said he would not have burned them, because the Prophet forbade punishing with God's punishment of fire, but he would have killed them, because the Prophet said, "Whoever changes his religion, kill him" (). Ibn Mas'ud reported the Prophet's saying that a Muslim's blood may be shed in only three cases, one of them the person who leaves his religion and abandons the community.

Sahih al-Bukhari 6922 · "Whoever changes his religion" Sahih al-Bukhari 6878 · the three cases Sahih Muslim 1676 · the three cases

Classical Islamic law did prescribe a death penalty for apostasy, with legal qualifications and enforcement reserved to the ruler. Jonathan Brown’s account of the classical schools makes that clear. They differed over some cases: the Hanafi school prescribed imprisonment for a woman who left Islam rather than execution. The ruling concerned leaving Islam; it did not prescribe death simply for Jews or Christians remaining in their faith under Muslim rule.

Jonathan A. C. Brown · The Issue of Apostasy in Islam (Yaqeen Institute) Peters & De Vries · Apostasy in Islam (Die Welt des Islams, 1976-77)

02 Two readings within Islam

The classical law and its modern critics.

Classical jurists did not read "no compulsion in religion" as protecting those who left Islam. Some held that the verse had been abrogated; others limited it to Jews, Christians and others living under Muslim rule, who could not be forced to convert.

Peters & De Vries · Apostasy in Islam (Die Welt des Islams, 1976-77)

Modern Muslim scholars have argued against that penalty. Taha Jabir al-Alwani maintains that the Qur’an and do not prescribe death for merely leaving the faith without another crime. Abdullah Saeed argues against the traditional penalty today. Jonathan Brown explains early apostasy as political secession and argues that Muslim governments can set its punishment aside. These are distinct proposals, but each contests a straightforward application of the classical death penalty.

Jonathan A. C. Brown · The Issue of Apostasy in Islam (Yaqeen Institute) Taha Jabir al-Alwani · Apostasy in Islam · abridged edition Abdullah Saeed & Hassan Saeed · Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam (Routledge)

The disagreement is real, and it runs through the Muslim community itself. The question for any reader is what each tradition's founding sources actually teach, and what follows when a person, after honest thought, comes to believe something new.

03 The Muslim answer

Treason, not belief, and Christian hypocrisy?

Muslims also answer Christians directly. The apostasy rulings, they say, were the law of a community under military threat, like the treason laws of any state. The classical jurists required repentance to be offered and reserved the punishment to the ruler, and some argue that the Prophet himself never executed anyone simply for leaving Islam. And Christians, they add, are poorly placed to object: for centuries Christian rulers punished heretics and apostates, and Christian courts burned people for their beliefs.

Jonathan A. C. Brown · The Issue of Apostasy in Islam (Yaqeen Institute)

04 What Jesus taught

Sins against his teaching, not obedience to it.

Treason and violence can be judged as treason and violence. A peaceful change of conviction is a different act. Calling a person’s departure from Islam political secession does not establish that the person has harmed anyone; it can simply turn religious disagreement into a state offense. The question is whether someone who peacefully follows Jesus may do so openly without being threatened with death.

The charge of Christian hypocrisy has real evidence. The late Roman Empire penalized apostasy with restrictions on wills and inheritance. The Spanish Inquisition, authorized in 1478, prosecuted baptized converts suspected of secretly practicing their former religion. In 1553, Protestant Geneva executed Michael Servetus for heresy. These were grave sins committed in Christ’s name.

Theodosian Code 16.7 · on apostates (Latin) Catholic Encyclopedia (1910) · Inquisition Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911) · Michael Servetus

Yet those persecutions were committed against Jesus’ teaching. When a Samaritan village refused to receive him and two disciples wanted to call down fire from heaven, Jesus rebuked them. When a disciple drew a sword to defend him, Jesus commanded him to put it away:

Luke 9:51-56 Matthew 26:51-52 John 18:36

Put up again thy sword into his place: for all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword.

Jesus · Matthew · King James Version

Matthew 26:51-52

Jesus told Pilate that his kingdom was not of this world, and that if it were, his servants would fight to prevent his arrest. When many disciples left him, he let them go and asked the Twelve whether they wished to leave too. Forced religious conformity follows neither this invitation nor this example.

John 18:36 John 6:66-69

The Old Testament itself contains civil penalties for Israelite apostasy. Christians cannot pretend otherwise. The issue is what Christ commissions his church to do. In 1 Corinthians , Paul tells believers not to withdraw from unbelieving neighbors, since that would mean leaving the world. He addresses wrongdoing within the church through exclusion and leaves the judgment of outsiders to God. He echoes the Old Testament formula for putting evil away from the community, but applies it here as exclusion from fellowship, not execution. The church receives no death sentence to impose on those who leave.

Deuteronomy 13:6–11 1 Corinthians 5:9–13 Deuteronomy 17:2–7

The reformist Muslim argument is welcome, and Christians should honor every Muslim who defends the freedom of others. But it must reinterpret, or set aside as unreliable, words that Sahih al-Bukhari attributes to the Prophet himself, and a ruling that all the classical schools held. The Christian case against coercion does not need to reinterpret its founder. It rests on his plain words and his example. The difference is not which community has behaved better; both have sinned. The difference is what each founder taught.

Sahih al-Bukhari 6922 · "Whoever changes his religion" Jonathan A. C. Brown · The Issue of Apostasy in Islam (Yaqeen Institute)

05 Patient witness

Repentance is a gift we cannot force.

Paul tells the Lord’s servant to be gentle toward all, able to teach and patient, with meekness in the hope that God will grant them repentance and knowledge of the truth. His immediate concern is opposition within the church. The rule extends to Christian witness among our neighbors: speak with grace, teach patiently and pray for the person who disagrees. God changes the heart; the believer is not commissioned to crush resistance by force.

2 Timothy 2:14–26 Colossians 4:5–6

Paul also urges prayer for all people, because God desires all people to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth. The opponent is someone for whom we pray, not someone whose unbelief grants us ownership of their life. Christian patience is not indifference to truth. It is confidence that the truth of Christ can be proclaimed openly, while repentance remains God’s gift.

2 Timothy 2:14–26 1 Timothy 2:1–4

06 Truth needs a hearing

Why Christians defend every conscience.

Every human being is made in God’s image. No community or state owns a person’s soul. Romans places confession of Jesus as Lord alongside belief in the heart that God raised him from the dead. A threat can extract the confession while failing to create the trust it expresses. The Christian case for freedom of conscience begins with that distinction.

Genesis 1:27 Romans 10:9-10

Paul renounces deception and the manipulation of God’s word, offering the truth openly to every conscience before God. He describes conversion as God shining light into the heart, so that we see his glory in Jesus Christ. Christian witness shines in darkness by proclaiming Christ; it cannot manufacture that light through threats. The weapons Paul gives the church are not fleshly weapons. Truthful proclamation, prayer and patient teaching belong together.

2 Corinthians 4:1–6 2 Timothy 2:14–26 2 Corinthians 10:3–5

Jesus was honest that following him could cost family and safety (Luke ; Matthew ), and he commanded his followers to love their enemies and pray for those who persecute them (Matthew ). That is why Christians must defend a Muslim's freedom to remain a Muslim as firmly as a Muslim's freedom to follow Jesus. If you are weighing these questions yourself, you are free to take your time, to read the Gospels, and to ask the God who made you to show you the truth. Truth does not need a sword. It needs a hearing.

Luke 14:25-33 Matthew 10:16-23 Matthew 5:44

07READ FOR YOURSELF

Go to the sources.

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