THE QUESTION BEFORE US
May anyone be forced to believe, or punished for changing what they believe?
Choose a verse number, book icon or underlined word to read more here.
No compulsion, and a death penalty.
A threat can force a religious profession. It cannot create trust in God. Someone who becomes convinced that Jesus is Lord should be able to follow that conviction without a human sentence of death. The same freedom belongs to a Muslim who rejects the Christian invitation. This is the question behind religious freedom: may a person follow what they believe is true?
Qur’an declares that religion is not to be compelled. In , Muhammad is asked whether he would force people to believe, and speaks of a choice to believe or disbelieve. These are real resources for Muslim defenders of freedom of conscience, not words a Christian critique should ignore. Verse also warns of God’s judgment; freedom to believe is not a claim that every belief is true or without consequences.
The Qur'an also speaks severely of those who abandon faith. God's wrath rests on whoever disbelieves after believing and finds ease in disbelief, though not on someone forced to deny the faith while his heart remains content with it (). The works of one who turns back and dies in disbelief come to nothing in this world and the next (). These passages warn of God's judgment. None of them tells people to carry out a punishment.
The go further. Ikrima reported that when Ali burned a group of heretics, Ibn Abbas said he would not have burned them, because the Prophet forbade punishing with God's punishment of fire, but he would have killed them, because the Prophet said, "Whoever changes his religion, kill him" (). Ibn Mas'ud reported the Prophet's saying that a Muslim's blood may be shed in only three cases, one of them the person who leaves his religion and abandons the community.
Sahih al-Bukhari 6922 · "Whoever changes his religion" Sahih al-Bukhari 6878 · the three cases Sahih Muslim 1676 · the three cases
Classical Islamic law did prescribe a death penalty for apostasy, with legal qualifications and enforcement reserved to the ruler. Jonathan Brown’s account of the classical schools makes that clear. They differed over some cases: the Hanafi school prescribed imprisonment for a woman who left Islam rather than execution. The ruling concerned leaving Islam; it did not prescribe death simply for Jews or Christians remaining in their faith under Muslim rule.
Jonathan A. C. Brown · The Issue of Apostasy in Islam (Yaqeen Institute) Peters & De Vries · Apostasy in Islam (Die Welt des Islams, 1976-77)
The classical law and its modern critics.
Classical jurists did not read "no compulsion in religion" as protecting those who left Islam. Some held that the verse had been abrogated; others limited it to Jews, Christians and others living under Muslim rule, who could not be forced to convert.
Peters & De Vries · Apostasy in Islam (Die Welt des Islams, 1976-77)
Modern Muslim scholars have argued against that penalty. Taha Jabir al-Alwani maintains that the Qur’an and do not prescribe death for merely leaving the faith without another crime. Abdullah Saeed argues against the traditional penalty today. Jonathan Brown explains early apostasy as political secession and argues that Muslim governments can set its punishment aside. These are distinct proposals, but each contests a straightforward application of the classical death penalty.
Jonathan A. C. Brown · The Issue of Apostasy in Islam (Yaqeen Institute) Taha Jabir al-Alwani · Apostasy in Islam · abridged edition Abdullah Saeed & Hassan Saeed · Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam (Routledge)
The disagreement is real, and it runs through the Muslim community itself. The question for any reader is what each tradition's founding sources actually teach, and what follows when a person, after honest thought, comes to believe something new.
Treason, not belief, and Christian hypocrisy?
Muslims also answer Christians directly. The apostasy rulings, they say, were the law of a community under military threat, like the treason laws of any state. The classical jurists required repentance to be offered and reserved the punishment to the ruler, and some argue that the Prophet himself never executed anyone simply for leaving Islam. And Christians, they add, are poorly placed to object: for centuries Christian rulers punished heretics and apostates, and Christian courts burned people for their beliefs.
Jonathan A. C. Brown · The Issue of Apostasy in Islam (Yaqeen Institute)
Repentance is a gift we cannot force.
Paul tells the Lord’s servant to be gentle toward all, able to teach and patient, with meekness in the hope that God will grant them repentance and knowledge of the truth. His immediate concern is opposition within the church. The rule extends to Christian witness among our neighbors: speak with grace, teach patiently and pray for the person who disagrees. God changes the heart; the believer is not commissioned to crush resistance by force.
Paul also urges prayer for all people, because God desires all people to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth. The opponent is someone for whom we pray, not someone whose unbelief grants us ownership of their life. Christian patience is not indifference to truth. It is confidence that the truth of Christ can be proclaimed openly, while repentance remains God’s gift.
Why Christians defend every conscience.
Every human being is made in God’s image. No community or state owns a person’s soul. Romans places confession of Jesus as Lord alongside belief in the heart that God raised him from the dead. A threat can extract the confession while failing to create the trust it expresses. The Christian case for freedom of conscience begins with that distinction.
Paul renounces deception and the manipulation of God’s word, offering the truth openly to every conscience before God. He describes conversion as God shining light into the heart, so that we see his glory in Jesus Christ. Christian witness shines in darkness by proclaiming Christ; it cannot manufacture that light through threats. The weapons Paul gives the church are not fleshly weapons. Truthful proclamation, prayer and patient teaching belong together.
Jesus was honest that following him could cost family and safety (Luke ; Matthew ), and he commanded his followers to love their enemies and pray for those who persecute them (Matthew ). That is why Christians must defend a Muslim's freedom to remain a Muslim as firmly as a Muslim's freedom to follow Jesus. If you are weighing these questions yourself, you are free to take your time, to read the Gospels, and to ask the God who made you to show you the truth. Truth does not need a sword. It needs a hearing.
Go to the sources.
Complete source list(32)
M. Pickthall · English translation
Qur’an 2:256
256There is no compulsion in religion. The right direction is henceforth distinct from error. And he who rejecteth false deities and believeth in Allah hath grasped a firm handhold which will never break. Allah is Hearer, Knower.
M. Pickthall · English translation
Qur’an 10:99
99And if thy Lord willed, all who are in the earth would have believed together. Wouldst thou (Muhammad) compel men until they are believers?
M. Pickthall · English translation
Qur’an 18:29
29Say: (It is) the truth from the Lord of you (all). Then whosoever will, let him believe, and whosoever will, let him disbelieve. Lo! We have prepared for disbelievers Fire. Its tent encloseth them. If they ask for showers, they will be showered with water like to molten lead which burneth the faces. Calamitous the drink and ill the resting-place!
M. Pickthall · English translation
Qur’an 16:106
106Whoso disbelieveth in Allah after his belief - save him who is forced thereto and whose heart is still content with the Faith - but whoso findeth ease in disbelief: On them is wrath from Allah. Theirs will be an awful doom.
M. Pickthall · English translation
Qur’an 2:217
217They question thee (O Muhammad) with regard to warfare in the sacred month. Say: Warfare therein is a great (transgression), but to turn (men) from the way of Allah, and to disbelieve in Him and in the Inviolable Place of Worship, and to expel His people thence, is a greater with Allah; for persecution is worse than killing. And they will not cease from fighting against you till they have made you renegades from your religion, if they can. And whoso becometh a renegade and dieth in his disbelief: such are they whose works have fallen both in the world and the Hereafter. Such are rightful owners of the Fire: they will abide therein.
King James Version
Luke 9:51–56
51¶ And it came to pass, when the time was come that he should be received up, he stedfastly set his face to go to Jerusalem,
52And sent messengers before his face: and they went, and entered into a village of the Samaritans, to make ready for him.
53And they did not receive him, because his face was as though he would go to Jerusalem.
54And when his disciples James and John saw this, they said, Lord, wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven, and consume them, even as Elias did?
55But he turned, and rebuked them, and said, Ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of.
56For the Son of man is not come to destroy men’s lives, but to save them. And they went to another village.
King James Version
Matthew 26:51–52
51And, behold, one of them which were with Jesus stretched out his hand, and drew his sword, and struck a servant of the high priest’s, and smote off his ear.
52Then said Jesus unto him, Put up again thy sword into his place: for all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword.
King James Version
John 18:36
36Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence.
King James Version
John 6:66–69
66¶ From that time many of his disciples went back, and walked no more with him.
67Then said Jesus unto the twelve, Will ye also go away?
68Then Simon Peter answered him, Lord, to whom shall we go? thou hast the words of eternal life.
69And we believe and are sure that thou art that Christ, the Son of the living God.
King James Version
Genesis 1:27
27So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.
King James Version
Romans 10:9–10
9That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved.
10For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation.
King James Version
2 Corinthians 4:1–6
1Therefore seeing we have this ministry, as we have received mercy, we faint not;
2But have renounced the hidden things of dishonesty, not walking in craftiness, nor handling the word of God deceitfully; but by manifestation of the truth commending ourselves to every man’s conscience in the sight of God.
3But if our gospel be hid, it is hid to them that are lost:
4In whom the god of this world hath blinded the minds of them which believe not, lest the light of the glorious gospel of Christ, who is the image of God, should shine unto them.
5For we preach not ourselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord; and ourselves your servants for Jesus’ sake.
6For God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ.
King James Version
Luke 14:25–33
25¶ And there went great multitudes with him: and he turned, and said unto them,
26If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple.
27And whosoever doth not bear his cross, and come after me, cannot be my disciple.
28For which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not down first, and counteth the cost, whether he have sufficient to finish it?
29Lest haply, after he hath laid the foundation, and is not able to finish it, all that behold it begin to mock him,
30Saying, This man began to build, and was not able to finish.
31Or what king, going to make war against another king, sitteth not down first, and consulteth whether he be able with ten thousand to meet him that cometh against him with twenty thousand?
32Or else, while the other is yet a great way off, he sendeth an ambassage, and desireth conditions of peace.
King James Version
Matthew 10:16–23
16¶ Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves.
17But beware of men: for they will deliver you up to the councils, and they will scourge you in their synagogues;
18And ye shall be brought before governors and kings for my sake, for a testimony against them and the Gentiles.
19But when they deliver you up, take no thought how or what ye shall speak: for it shall be given you in that same hour what ye shall speak.
20For it is not ye that speak, but the Spirit of your Father which speaketh in you.
21And the brother shall deliver up the brother to death, and the father the child: and the children shall rise up against their parents, and cause them to be put to death.
22And ye shall be hated of all men for my name’s sake: but he that endureth to the end shall be saved.
23But when they persecute you in this city, flee ye into another: for verily I say unto you, Ye shall not have gone over the cities of Israel, till the Son of man be come.
King James Version
Matthew 5:44
44But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you;
King James Version
Deuteronomy 13:6–11
6¶ If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as thine own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers;
7Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth;
8Thou shalt not consent unto him, nor hearken unto him; neither shall thine eye pity him, neither shalt thou spare, neither shalt thou conceal him:
9But thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people.
10And thou shalt stone him with stones, that he die; because he hath sought to thrust thee away from the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.
11And all Israel shall hear, and fear, and shall do no more any such wickedness as this is among you.
King James Version
1 Corinthians 5:9–13
9I wrote unto you in an epistle not to company with fornicators:
10Yet not altogether with the fornicators of this world, or with the covetous, or extortioners, or with idolaters; for then must ye needs go out of the world.
11But now I have written unto you not to keep company, if any man that is called a brother be a fornicator, or covetous, or an idolater, or a railer, or a drunkard, or an extortioner; with such an one no not to eat.
12For what have I to do to judge them also that are without? do not ye judge them that are within?
13But them that are without God judgeth. Therefore put away from among yourselves that wicked person.
King James Version
Deuteronomy 17:2–7
2¶ If there be found among you, within any of thy gates which the LORD thy God giveth thee, man or woman, that hath wrought wickedness in the sight of the LORD thy God, in transgressing his covenant,
3And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either the sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded;
4And it be told thee, and thou hast heard of it, and enquired diligently, and, behold, it be true, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought in Israel:
5Then shalt thou bring forth that man or that woman, which have committed that wicked thing, unto thy gates, even that man or that woman, and shalt stone them with stones, till they die.
6At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put to death; but at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death.
7The hands of the witnesses shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterward the hands of all the people. So thou shalt put the evil away from among you.
King James Version
2 Timothy 2:14–26
14Of these things put them in remembrance, charging them before the Lord that they strive not about words to no profit, but to the subverting of the hearers.
15Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth.
16But shun profane and vain babblings: for they will increase unto more ungodliness.
17And their word will eat as doth a canker: of whom is Hymenaeus and Philetus;
18Who concerning the truth have erred, saying that the resurrection is past already; and overthrow the faith of some.
19Nevertheless the foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal, The Lord knoweth them that are his. And, Let every one that nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity.
20But in a great house there are not only vessels of gold and of silver, but also of wood and of earth; and some to honour, and some to dishonour.
21If a man therefore purge himself from these, he shall be a vessel unto honour, sanctified, and meet for the master’s use, and prepared unto every good work.
King James Version
1 Timothy 2:1–4
1I exhort therefore, that, first of all, supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of thanks, be made for all men;
2For kings, and for all that are in authority; that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty.
3For this is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Saviour;
4Who will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the knowledge of the truth.
King James Version
Colossians 4:5–6
5Walk in wisdom toward them that are without, redeeming the time.
6Let your speech be alway with grace, seasoned with salt, that ye may know how ye ought to answer every man.
King James Version
2 Corinthians 10:3–5
3For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war after the flesh:
4(For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds;)
5Casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ;
King James Version
Matthew 26:52
52Then said Jesus unto him, Put up again thy sword into his place: for all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword.
King James Version
Romans 10:9
9That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved.
King James Version
Luke 14:26–33
26If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple.
27And whosoever doth not bear his cross, and come after me, cannot be my disciple.
28For which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not down first, and counteth the cost, whether he have sufficient to finish it?
29Lest haply, after he hath laid the foundation, and is not able to finish it, all that behold it begin to mock him,
30Saying, This man began to build, and was not able to finish.
31Or what king, going to make war against another king, sitteth not down first, and consulteth whether he be able with ten thousand to meet him that cometh against him with twenty thousand?
32Or else, while the other is yet a great way off, he sendeth an ambassage, and desireth conditions of peace.
33So likewise, whosoever he be of you that forsaketh not all that he hath, he cannot be my disciple.
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Word meaning · Arabic
الحَدِيث
hadith (ḥadīth)
A report or account. In Islamic usage, a transmitted report of what Muhammad said or did.
In this context
Used for the reports gathered in collections such as al-Bukhari’s and Muslim’s. These readings treat them as secondary to the Qur’an.
Word meaning · Arabic
مَنْ بَدَّلَ دِينَهُ فَاقْتُلُوهُ
man baddala dinahu fa-qtuluhu
“Whoever changes his religion, kill him.” Baddala means to change something or put one thing in place of another.
In this context
Ibn Abbas reports these words of Muhammad in Bukhari 6922, explaining why he would have killed, not burned, the heretics Ali punished.
Word meaning · Arabic
السُّنَّة
Sunnah (sunna)
A way or customary practice. In Islamic law, the Prophet’s practice: what he commanded, forbade and recommended in word and deed.
In this context
With the Qur’an, the second source of Islamic law. The reading reports al-Alwani’s view that neither prescribes death merely for leaving the faith.
Word meaning · Greek
παιδεύοντα (παιδεύω)
paideuō
To train or educate, as a child; by extension, to correct or discipline.
In this context
2 Timothy 2:25: the Lord’s servant corrects opponents “in meekness” (ἐν πραΰτητι), in the hope that God will grant them repentance.



















